Researchers Marshall-Pescini et al. (2015) compared identically raised pack dogs and wolves on inhibitory control. To do this, a v-shaped fence constructed of wire mesh was set up with a food item (a dead, one-day-old chick) placed so the animal could see it inside the fence at the corner. Animals showing inhibitory control would move quickly around the fence to get the food and not get distracted and spend time looking at it through the fence. Is there a difference in inhibitory control between pack dogs and wolves, that is, do they get to the food at different rates? The time, in seconds, it took the animals to reach the food for this test are found in the file InhibitoryControl-1. Put the data into the Multiple Means applet and answer (a)–(e). 

a. Identify the explanatory and response variable and classify each as categorical or quantitative. 

b. Is this an observational study or a randomized experiment? Explain. 

c. State the hypotheses either in words or using appropriate symbols. 

d. What are the two sample means? 

e. Find an approximate p-value. Based on your p-value, do you have strong evidence that pack dogs and wolves get to the food at different times, on average?