Student researchers were doing a project on obedience by seeing whether students would obey the instructions on a sign placed next to a bowl of candy. The sign read: “Have a great day! Please take one.” They observed people taking candy out of the bowl from a place where they could see how many they took, but where those taking the candy didn’t feel they were being observed. One of the things they measured was whether the amount of candy in the bowl would affect whether people would take more than one piece of candy. When there was a large amount of candy in the bowl, 39 out of 96 people that took candy took more than one piece. When there was a small amount of candy in the bowl, 54 out of 109 people that took candy took more than one piece. Does the amount of candy in the bowl affect whether people are disobedient and take more than one piece? 

a. State the hypotheses either in words or using appropriate symbols. 

b. Are the validity conditions met here for theory-based methods? Explain. 

c. Determine the standardized statistic and corresponding p-value. 

d. State your conclusion (with appropriate justification based on your p-value and stated significance level) in the context of the research question. Be sure to address the issues of causation and generalizability as well.