Daniel Hamermesh, an economist at the University of Texas, has done a great deal of research on labor markets. In a book, Hamermesh wrote that “there is a penalty to earnings for bad looks and a premium for good looks.” According to his statistical estimates, “the bottom 15 percent of women by looks . . . received 4 percent lower pay than average-looking women. The top one third of women by looks . . . received 8 percent more than average-lookers. For men, the comparable figures are a 13 percent penalty and a 4 percent premium.” Is it likely that these differences in earnings are due to economic discrimination? Briefly explain.