When school administrators translate educational research into a standardized teaching program and mandate its use by teacher, students learn less well than they did before, even though the teachers are the same. The translation by the administrators of theory into prescribed practice must therefore be flawed.

The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?

(a) Teachers differ in their ability to teach in accordance with standardized programs.

(b) The educational research on which the standardized teaching programs are based is sound.

(c) Researchers should be the ones to translate their own research into teaching programs.

(d) The ways in which teachers choose to implement the programs are ineffective.