Arrange the following CO₂ abatement techniques for international shipping in order of increasing MAC (marginal abatement cost): reduce speed, switch to gas-powered engines, propeller maintenance, tap wind power with sails and wings. 

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Application 3 OPTIONS FOR REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING APPLYING THE CONCEPTS #3: What is the most efficient way to reduce pollution? mor International shipping is responsible for about 3% of global CO₂ emissions, and there are many ways to reduce (abate) CO₂ emissions. As a tool for comparing the cost of alterna- tive reduction methods, policy analysts compute the marginal abatement cost (MAC) of each method, defined as the cost per ton of CO₂ abated. For low-cost methods such as propeller maintenance and weather-sensitive routing, the fuel savings cover the cost of the abatement method, so the MAC for these methods is close to zero. For other abatement methods, the MAC is higher: • Switch from diesel to gas-powered engines: $20 per ton • Reduce speed and increase fleet size: $90 per ton • Install fixed sails and wings to tap wind power: $105 per ton Related to Exercise 3.7. SOURCES: Based on Magnus Eide, Tore Longva, Peter Hoffmann, Oyving Endre- sen, and Stig Balssoren, "Future Cost Scenarios for Reduction of Ship CO2," Maritime Policy Management 38 (2011), pp. 11-37.