Does music affect memorization skills, and does it matter if the music includes vocals/ lyrics? In one experiment (P. Ramos, “The Impact of Music on Short Term Memory and Cognitive Processes,” Univ. of Bridgeport, 2017), subjects were randomly assigned to one of four environments: (A) an instrumental-only version of Adele’s “Million Years Ago” playing in background (B) a vocals-only version, (C) a version with both instruments and vocals, and (D) a control group with no ambient music. All subjects were given a list of everyday words to memorize in 90 seconds and then asked to write down as many words as they could remember. Information consistent with that report appears below.

Test whether music environment affects memorization skills, as measured by population mean number of words remembered using this activity, at the .01 significance level.

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Condition Instrumental only Vocals only Instruments & vocals Control (no music) J 26 26 26 26 Number of words remembered X₁. 10.2 7.7 9.0 10.7 Si 2.8 2.1 2.5 3.0