8.13. The sample in Table 8.15 is 157 black Americans. Table 8.23 shows cell counts and standardized residuals for income and happiness for white subjects in the 2004 GSS.

(a) Explain how to interpret the Pearson chisquarcd statistic and its associated F-valuc.

(b) Explain how to interpret the standardized residuals in the four corner cells.

TABLE 8.23 Rows: income Columns; happiness not pretty very All below 62 187 45 294 5.34 3.43 -7.40 average 47 270 181 498

-2.73 -0.57 2.53 above 22 127 118 267

-2.37 -2.88 4.73 All 131 584 131 1059 Cell Contents: Count Standardized residual Pearson Chi-Square = 72.15, DF = 4, P-Value = 0.000