8.38. Answer true or false for the following. Explain your answer.

(a) Even when the sample conditional distributions in a contingency table are only slightly different, when the sample size is very large it is possible to have a large x 2 test statistic and a very small P-value for testing //q:

independence.

(b) If the odds ratio = 2.0 between gender

(female, male) and opinion on some issue

(c)

(d)

(e)

(favor, oppose), then the odds ratio = -2.0 if we measure gender as (male, female).

Interchanging two rows in a contingency table has no effect on the chi-squared statistic.

Interchanging two rows in a contingency table has no effect on gamma.

If y = 0 for two variables, then the variables arc statistically independent.