Answer true or false for the following. Explain your answer.

(a) Even when the sample conditional distributions in a contingency table are only slightly different, when the sample size is very large it is possible to have a large X2 test statistic and a very small P-value for testing H0: independence.

(b) If the odds ratio = 2.0 between gender (female, male)

and opinion on some issue (favor, oppose), then the odds ratio= −2.0 if we measure gender as (male, female).

(c) Interchanging two rows in a contingency table has no effect on the X2 statistic.

(d) Interchanging two rows in a contingency table has no effect on gamma.

(e) If γ = 0 for two variables, then the variables are statistically independent.