The rectifier shown in Figure P32.28 converts the alternating emf from an \(\mathrm{AC}\) source to a positive-only potential difference from a to \(\mathrm{b}\). Sketch graphs showing 

\((a)\) the source emf as a function of time and 

\((b)\) the potential difference from a to \(\mathrm{b}\) as a function of time.

(c) If diode 1 is blown out and acts as an open circuit, what is the output potential difference from a to \(\mathrm{b}\) ?

(d) What happens to the potential difference from a to \(\mathrm{b}\) if diode 1 operates normally but diode 2 is blown out?

Data from Figure P32.28

4 1 2 3 b