Government regulations require that institutional review boards consist of at least five people, including at least one scientist, one nonscientist, and one person from outside the institution. Most boards are larger, but many contain just one outsider.

a. Why should review boards contain people who are not scientists?

b. Do you think that one outside member is enough? How would you choose that member? (For example, would you prefer a medical doctor? A religious leader? An activist for patients’ rights?)