Instructions

Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following hypotheses, and define each variable conceptually and operationally. More than one correct answer exists for the definitions, but the definitions should have a good, conceptual fit with each other.

• Conceptual Definition: How you define the variable you plan to study
• Operational Definition: How you describe the observable characteristics of a concept, so that the characteristics can be measured or otherwise identified or represented in your research.
• See your textbook for more information on conceptual and operational definitions (pp. 125-127).

Example 1:

• Question: H: The use of open communication in the classroom will result in a positive increase in students' grades.

• Answer:

IV: Open communication

• Conceptual: Freely expressing oneself with the instructor in the classroom
• Operational: Asking questions; making comments; sharing ideas

DV: Grades

• Conceptional: Measurement of success on assignments, exams, etc.
• Operational: Use of letter grades such as A, B, C, D, F

1. H: The expression of emotions in a romantic relationship will cause an increase in levels of trust.

2. H: The use of interpersonal communication in group work will lead to less stress for group members.

3. H: Engaging in forms of mass media will cause a woman to have a negative self-esteem.