$1\mathrm{.}1$ What is an application portfolio$>$ List and briefly describe the four main types of systems typically included in an application portfolio. $(5)$

$1\mathrm{.}2$ Define proprietary software and off$-$shelf software. Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of each. $(5)$

$1\mathrm{.}3$ Compare and contrast parallel computing and grid computing. Provide an example of a real$-$world application for each. $(5)$

$1\mathrm{.}4$ Define database design and identify and describe the four primary stages of the database design process. $(5)$