$12.$ How would a high NADH$-$to$-$NAD $\backslash (\{\}^\{+\}\backslash )$ratio be expected to affect the pyruvate ehydrogenase reaction?

a$.$ The pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase$-1$ enzyme would increase resulting in pyruvate dehydrogenase activation at an accelerated rate

b$.$ The last step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction would be bloc resulting in a decrease in activity.

c$.$ The E$1$ subunit would be phosphorylated by pyruvate dehydrogenas kinase, and the catalytic activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase would decrease.

d$.$ The pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase enzyme activity would increas resulting in an increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.

ch of the following has the smallest effect on the processes of the ele