$14122\mathrm{.}125\mathrm{.}2$ "Discuss the theoretical foundations underpinning civil engineering practices, emphasizing key principles, methodologies, and models utilized in the field. Explore the historical evolution of civil engineering theory and its impact on modern infrastructure development. Analyze the integration of fundamental concepts such as structural mechanics, materials science, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering into theoretical frameworks. Evaluate the role of theoretical knowledge in addressing contemporary challenges like sustainable design, resilience to natural disasters, and urban development."