$18.$ When he heard that turnover was increasing, the human resource manager immediately told the president that salaries would have to be raised. Unfortunately, low pay wasn't the cause of the turnover. Which decision making error did the manager commit?a$)$ He treated sunk costs improperlyb$)$ He defined the problem in terms of a solutionc$)$ He escalated commitmentd$)$ He exhibited the knew$-$it$-$all$-$along effecte$)$ He revealed a confirmation bias$19.$ After meeting together, the members of the venture capital group decided not to fund any more projects for the year. Before the meeting, some members had been cautiously in favour of funding. What happened?a$)$ Groupthinkb$)$ Diffusion of responsibilityc$)$ Risky shiftd$)$ Conservative shifte$)$ Hindsight$20.$ Which of the following is another name for a programmed problem solution technique?a$)$ Rulesb$)$ Routinesc$)$ Rules of thumbd$)$ Standard operating procedurese$)$ All of the above