$1-$

a$)$ Calculate the city$-$block and chessboard distances between pixels $p$ and $q.$

b$)$ Calculate the shortest $m-$path distance between pixels $p$ and $q$ with $V=\{1\}.$

c$)$ Calculate the shortest $m-$path distance between pixels $p$ and $q$ with $V=\{0,1\}.$

d$)$ Calculate the gradient magnitude and direction for the pixel at $(1,1)$ in the image above.

$00000$

$0011($q$)0$

$01010$

$01($p$)100$

$00000$