1. Critically analyse six ethical principles which are used in conjunction with an ethical analysis to guide decision making. [12 marks]

2. Explain in detail how businesses can benefit from virtualization, green computing, and multicore processors. Your answer should cover at least four benefits from virtualization, two benefits from green computing and four benefits from multicore processors.

[4+2+4=10 marks]

3. Describe thoroughly three uses of sentiment analysis in business.

[6 marks]

4. Discuss in detail any four most common threats against contemporary information systems.

[4 marks]

5. Critically analyse the case attached (next 2 pages) to describe in detail at least four different systems used in data driven policing.

[8 marks]

Chapter 6 Foundations of Business intelligence Databases and information Moragement 271 INTERACTIVE SESSION ORGANIZATIONS Data-driven Policing Goes Global Nowhere have declining crime rates been as dramat a searchable database that now includes more than ir as in New York City. As reflected in the reported 9,000 chronic offenders. A large percentagear recidi rates of the most serious types of crime, the city in vists who have been repeatedly convicted. These are 2007 was a safe as it had been since statistics have the people law enforcement wants to know about if er kept Crimes during the preceding few years they are arrested e also been historically low This database is used for an arrest alert system why is this happening Experts point in a number When someone considered a priority defendant is of bactes, including demographic trends, the prolif picked up or arrested in another horough of the city eration of surveillance cameras and increased incar any interested prosecutor, parole officer or police sation rates But New York City would also argue it intelligence officer is automatically sent a detailed because of its proactive crime prevention program mail. The system can use the database to send arrest along with a willingness among the district attorney alerts for a particular defendant or a particular neich and police force to assively deploy information borhood or housing project, and the database can be sorted to highlight patterns of crime ranging from bs- There has been a revolution in the use of hig data cycle theft in homicide five metalling and sports as well as for police work The alert system helps assistant district attorneys New York City has been at the forefront in intensively ensure that charging decisions, hail applications and using data for crime fighting and its comptat crime sentencing recommendations address that defendant's mapping program has been replicated by other cities. impact on criminal activity in the community. The Comptat features a comprehensive, citywide information gathered by the CSU and disseminated deshase that records all reported crimes or com through the arrest alert system differentiates among plants arrests, and summonses in each of the city's those for whom incarceration is an imperative from precincts, including their time and location. The community-safety standpoint and those defendants Dempit system analyzes the data and produces a for who alernatives to incarceration are appropri weekly report on crime complaint and arrest activity ate and will not negatively affect overall community the precinct, putrlborough, and citywide levels Compte data can be displayed on maps showing Using Big Data and analytics to predict not only crime and arest locations, crime hot spots, and other where crime will occur but who will likely commit relevant information to help precinct commanders a crime has spread to cities in the UK, Germany and NYPD senior leadership quickly identify pat France, Singapore and elsewhere in the UK, Kent terms and trends and develop a targeted strategy for Police have been using pre-crime software since fiduting crime, such as dispatching more foot putrols 2015. The proprietary software, called Predpol, an high-crime neighborhoods lyzes a historical database of crimes using dan, place, Dealing with more than 105,000 cases per year in time, and category of offense. Predpol then gener Manhattan, New York's district attorneys did not have ates daily schedules for the deployment of police to much information to make fine grained decisions the most crime-prone areas of the city. Predral does out changes, bail, pleas, or sentences. They couldn't not predict who will likely commit a crime but in Quickly separate minor delinquents from serious stead when the crimes are likely to happen based on past data sing decades worth of crime reports, the In 2000 New York created a Crime Strategies Unit Predrol system identified areas with high probabilities CSU) to identity and address crime issues and target of various types of crime, and creates maps of the city pricity offenders for assive prosecution. The with color-coded boxes indicating the areas to focus el gathers and maps crime data for Manhattan's 22 Precincts to visually depict criminal activity based In 2016 the UK adopted the investitory Powers multiple entifiers such as pangatlation and Rill, which legalizes a global web and telecommunica ype of crime Police commanders supply a list of tions surveillance system, and a government database Fachpreinets 25 worst offenders, which is added to that store the web history of every citizen. This data Scanned with CamScanner SOS Tristan Greene, Predictive Policing is a Scam That Pere ates Systemic Bus The Next Web, February 28, 2019, Panical Penchal November 25, 2018, Lime Deanden, UK How son, "First UK Police Force to Thy Predictive policing Ends Contact Technology Is Allowing Police to predict where and when Crim Data and Policine: An Assessment of Law Enforcement Require 272 Part Two Information Technology Infrastructure and analysis could be used to identify people who are most likely to commit a crime or plot a terror- ist attack. Civil liberties groups around the globe are concerned that these systems operate without judicial or public oversight, and can easily be abused by au- thorities. Scandanavian countries and Denmark are considering legislation to prevent targeting people for surveillance prior to their committing any crime, and the EU GDPR regulations are also a consideration for predictive policing systems. While many countries and cities are attempting to use predictive policing, very little data has been collected on its efficacy. The City of Kent, after five years of using Pre Pol, cancelled the program because they were unable to show that it actu- ally reduced crime. ments," Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies September 7, 2017, Hayley Dunning "Predictive Policine Research Gets a Boost from 3m Grant," Imperial College London March 21, 2017; "New Legal Framework for Predictive Policing in Denmark, European Digital Rights (EDRI), ERDL.org. February 2017; James Vincent, The UK Now Wields Unprecedented Surveil. lance Powers-Here's What It Means "The Verge.com, November 29 2016; Lena Dencik, Predictive Policing and the Automated Suppres sion of Dissent," SE Media Projects Blog, April 2016; "Prosecution Gets Smart" and "Intelligence-Driven osecution/Crime Strategies Unit www.manhattanda.org, accessed March 4, 2016; Pervaiz Shul wani and Mark Morales, "NYC Olicials Tout New Low in Crime, but Homicide, Rape, Robbery Rose," Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2016