$1.)$ Everything else equal, how would each of the following factors affect the market value of a stock? Indicate by a plus $(+),$ minus $(),$ or zero $(0)$ if the factor would increase, decrease, or have an indeterminate effect. Be prepared to justify your answer. $($LO $7-4)$

a$.$ Investors require a higher rate of return to buy the stock. $\_\_\_\_\_$

b$.$ The company increases dividends. $\_\_\_\_\_$

c$.$ The company$$s growth rate increases. $\_\_\_\_\_$

d$.$ Investors become more risk averse. $\_\_\_\_\_$