1. In top-down hormone signaling, after sensory input from the environment, the neuroendocrine signals are released by the .................. of the brain which then travel to the anterior or posterior .............. glands.

2. Housekeeping genes are often under ................... expression whereas regulated genes often are controlled by either ............... or ................ expression.

3. The conversion of preproinsulin to mature insulin requires first the removal of the ............. sequence followed by removal of the ................ peptide.

4. .................. of histone proteins often leads to transcriptional activation of genes by recruiting ....................... to the nucleosome, which eventually leads to decreased affinity of the DNA for the histone protein.