$1$ Modeling

$1\mathrm{.}1$ Entity$-$Relationship Diagram

An association for mobility innovations intends to provide its members with access to a comprehensive database. This database should offer detailed information about environmental impacts caused by different vehicle types. Your expertise is sought to assist in the design of this database. Develop a comprehensive EER diagram based on the given specifications.

Entities to be modeled are printed in bold once. Attributes are printed in capital letters. For all relationships, indicate the cardinality ratios in Chen notation $(1$:$N,1$:$1,M$:$N-$ do not use the Min$-$Max notation! If additional attributes are needed, include these in your modeling as well. Ensure that the data structure does not allow NULL values and that data storage is free from redundancies.

A vehicle manufacturer is uniquely identified by its globally recognized brand name $($BRAND NAME$).$ In addition, the owner $($OWNER$)$ of the manufacturer is stored.

Each specific vehicle model can be identified by the associated manufacturer and a unique model identification $($IDENTIFICATION$).$ Additionally, information on engine power $($POWER$)$ in kW and vehicle weight $($WEIGHT$)$ in kg is to be stored.

A pollutant is uniquely determined by a special designation $($DESIGNATION$),$ and an explanation of its environmentally relevant effects $($EFFECTS$)$ is provided.

An emission standard has a unique identification number $($ID$)$ and is effective from a specific point in time $($VALIDITY$).$ It is to be stored, by whom $($BY$)$ the emission standard was set.

Each emission standard prescribes a maximum limit $($LIMIT$)$ for one or more pollutants.

For each vehicle model, it is to be stored which emission standards are complied with according to the manufacturer's specifications.

Testing institutes are distinguished by a specific identification number $($IDENTIFICATION NUMBER$).$ For transparency reasons, the name of the institute director $($INSTITUTE DIRECTOR$)$ is to be provided.

For certified testing institutes, the date of their certification $($DATE$)$ is also noted.

The certification is carried out by one or more other testing institutes.

It should also be recorded which institutes were responsible for the certification. $($Note that certification is a one$-$time process.$)$

Note: A certified testing institute is$-$a Testing institutes and also certified $($by$)$ a testing institute

Finally, the database must store which testing institute tested which vehicle model against which emission standard. This also includes the recording of the test result $($RESULT$).$

Only those vehicle models that have been tested at least twice should be included in the database.

Similarly, only those testing institutes that have conducted at least one test should be recorded.