$1.$ Pascal programming language supports bitpacked arrays. A bitpacked array can only contain binary digits. Originally, each bit is kept in a separate word in the memory as shown in the table given on the left. In a bitpacked array, a word $(32-$bit memory cell$)$ can contain $32$ binary elements as shown in the table given on the right.

a$)$ Write the access function for calculating the byte address of an element of the original array $($shown on the left$).$

b$)$ Write the access function for calculating the byte address of an element of a bitpacked array $($shown on the right$).$

c$)$ What else do you need to do to read a bit of a bitpacked array?

d$)$ What else do you need to do to write a bit of a bitpacked array?