$1.$ Transmission Control Protocol $($TCP$)$: TCP is the internet's most frequently utilised network protocol. It allows packets to be delivered between two communicating devices in an orderly and dependable manner. This is a condensed example of how TCP functions:

$-$ Sender: The sender splits up the data into smaller packets and contents each one with a TCP header. The sequence number, source and destination port numbers, and other control information are all contained in the header.

$-$ Receiver: The recipient notifies the sender of a packet's reception by replying with an acknowledgement $($ACK$)$ packet. Retransmission is requested by the recipient if a packet is lost or corrupted.

$-$ Handshake: To establish a connection, the sender and recipient shake hands before starting any data transfer. Initiating the connection with a three$-$way handshake, the sender