1. What is a "human right"? When, why and what did UN Charter's Art. 55 address? Which "authoritative standard of human rights" later clarified and expanded Art.55? Give examples of its four pillars," dignity, liberty, equality, and brotherhood."

2. What types of rights are included in the Genocide Convention, ICCPR and ICESR? Give the expanded forms of these acronyms, and explain the rights protected. Choose and describe any 1 other Human Rights Agreement from table 12.1 which you think is very important. Explain its importance. (pp.501-505)

3. Why are human rights controversial? What explains the lack of consensus on ICESCR between the US and Soviet bloc/developing countries, during the cold War? Identify an example of a non-Western criticism of a right enshrined in ICCPR (see p. 503-507).

4. What 3 conditions make states more interested in enforcing human rights law in other countries? How do TANs play an important? Give an example. When are states reluctant to enforce human rights laws in another country? (pp. 529-531)

5. What is transnational justice? Give 1 historic example. Why would a state opt for that approach toward human rights abuses rather than one that is more focused on direct punishment of offenders? Which approach do you believe to be superior?

6. Explain the ICC and under what conditions the ICC possesses jurisdiction. Explain the opposing points of view on its effectiveness. Why is it controversial? Consider the point of view of African countries and that of the US.