$1$ Why is doing pencil$-$and$-$paper computations regarded as not "doing mathematics"? Give examples to illustrate your answer.

$4\mathrm{.}2$ Explain why relational understanding has a greater potential for promoting reflective thinking than instrumental understanding.

$4\mathrm{.}3$Explain the statement that understanding exists on a continuum from relational to instrumental understanding. Give an example of a mathematical concept and explain how it might be understood at different places along the continuum.

$(5)$

$3$