16. Evaluating training using trainee reactions occurs on the job. Doing so enables companies to assess how well trainees are able to apply the content that they learned. 17. One of the great possibilities inherent in the strategic use of performance management is that line managers mostly understand the basic principles and the need to assess to motivate employees. 18. Recency error refers to a rater's ignoring employee performance until the appraisal date draws near. When the rater searches for cues about performance, recent behaviors or results are most salient, so recent events receive more weight than they should. 19. Firms have mostly stopped using merit pay, often called a barbaric relic, because it is subjective. 20. Under a piecework plan, employees are guaranteed a standard pay rate for each unit they produce. 21. Base pay refers to the standard pay rate under a piecework plan. 22. Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, if you work for below the federal minimum wage or in excess of 40 hours without being paid at least time and a half, you are in violation of federal law. However, exempt employees are not covered by the minimum wage or overtime provisions. 23. Studies have found that unionized and non-unionized firms' pay rates, benefit levels, and use of performance-based pay do not differ. 24. Job evaluation focuses on internal equity or the relative internal worth of jobs. 25. Under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, all employers with more than 3,000 employees must offer a 401(k) or a defined benefit pension plan. 26. In preferred provider organizations (PPOS), employers contract directly or indirectly through an insurance company with health care providers such as physicians to deliver discounted services. There is no gatekeeper, but out-of-network physicians may be covered at a lower rate. 27. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 is a pro-employer law that prohibited unions from organizing and illegalized certain strikes and boycotts