$2.$ The process of converting inputs into outputs through a series of steps is known as:

$($a$)$ Supply chain management

$($b$)$ Operations transformation

$($c$)$ Value chain analysis

$($d$)$ Quality control

$3.$ A layout that arranges workstations in a circular pattern to facilitate smooth material flow is called:

$($a$)$ Fixed$-$position layout

$($b$)$ Process layout

$($c$)$ Product layout

$($d$)$ Cellular layout

$4.$ Which inventory control method focuses on ordering specific quantities at predetermined intervals?

$($a$)$ EOQ $($Economic Order Quantity$)$

$($b$)$ ABC analysis

$($c$)$ MRP $($Material Requirements Planning$)$

$($d$)$ JIT $($Just$-$in$-$Time$)$

$5.$ Six Sigma is a quality management methodology that aims to reduce:

$($a$)$ Customer complaints

$($b$)$ Cycle times

$($c$)$ Product defects by $3\mathrm{.}4$ defects per million opportunities $($dpmo$)$

$($d$)$ Employee turnover

$6.$ Which forecasting technique utilizes historical data to predict future demand?

$($a$)$ Delphi method

$($b$)$ Exponential smoothing

$($c$)$ Scenario planning

$($d$)$ Expert judgment

$7.$ Kanban systems use visual cues to signal:

$($a$)$ Machine breakdowns

$($b$)$ Quality issues

$($c$)$ Inventory levels

$($d$)$ Employee productivity

$8.$ Gantt charts are commonly used for:

$($a$)$ Project scheduling and monitoring

$($b$)$ Facility location analysis

$($c$)$ Capacity planning

$($d$)$ Process improvement

$9.$ Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a sustainable supply chain?

$($a$)$ Collaboration with ethical suppliers

$($b$)$ Reduction of carbon footprint

$($c$)$ Prioritization of profit over environmental impact

$($d$)$ Efficient resource utilization

$10.$ In a push system, production is based on:

$($a$)$ Customer demand forecasts

$($b$)$ Available inventory levels

c$)$ Sales targets

d$)$ Production capacity

$11.$ Which tool helps identify potential bottlenecks in a process?

$($a$)$ Process flowchart

$($b$)$ Gantt chart

$($c$)$ Work breakdown structure

$($d$)$ Failure mode and effects analysis $($FMEA$)$

$12.$ The concept of Total Quality Management $($TQM$)$ emphasizes:

$($a$)$ Individual performance evaluation

$($b$)$ Continuous improvement and employee involvement

$($c$)$ Cost reduction measures

$($d$)$ External quality audits

$13.$ Just$-$in$-$Time $($JIT$)$ production requires:

$($a$)$ Large buffer inventories

$($b$)$ Frequent supplier deliveries

$($c$)$ High levels of waste and rework

$($d$)$ Long lead times

$14.$ Agile project management emphasizes:

$($a$)$ Detailed planning and control

$($b$)$ Incremental development and flexibility

c$)$ Fixed scope and deadlines

d$)$ Extensive documentation

$15.$ Which supply chain strategy focuses on building close relationships with key suppliers?

$($a$)$ Outsourcing

$($b$)$ Vertical integration

c$)$ Vendor sourcing

d$)$ Global sourcing

$16.$ Poka$-$Yoke devices are used to:

$($a$)$ Automate tasks

b$)$ Prevent errors and defects

c$)$ Improve worker safety

d$)$ All of the above

$17.$ Which of the following is NOT a benefit of implementing lean manufacturing principles?

$($a$)$ Reduced lead times

$($b$)$ Improved product quality

c$)$ Increased inventory levels

d$)$ Lower production costs

$18.$ Green supply chain management focuses on:

$($a$)$ Reducing environmental impact

b$)$ Minimizing packaging materials

c$)$ Using renewable energy sources

d$)$ All of the above

$19.$ The balanced scorecard approach to performance measurement includes:

a$)$ Financial, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth perspectives

b$)$ Only financial and customer perspectives

c$)$ Production volume and cycle time metrics

d$)$ Employee satisfaction and safety measures

$20.$ Which project management technique uses iterative cycles with frequent feedback and revisions?

$($a$)$ Waterfall method

b$)$ Agile methodology

c$)$ Critical path method

d$)$ Gantt chart