20. True or False: When faced with forces for an against change, it tends to be more effective to reduce the barriers to change rather than trying to increase motivation to change. The common effort during resistance to change is to try to increase motivation or forces for change. This commonly results in resistances and barriers also increasing. It is more strategic and may bypass this gridlock by emphasizing reduction of barriers as a beginning. 21. True or False: The frontline and technical level in organizations have the highest use of conceptual and organizing skills. Front line workers focus more on technical skills rather than higher level conceptual skills such as strategy. While workers also engage in planning, organizing, and controlling, they tend to do less than top level managers. 22. a. The importance of the Hawthorne Study was that Human factors make a difference in motivating performance b. Authoritarian leadership was more effective than democratic leadership c. Security and safety needs were secondary to self esteem needs d. Most people preferred working under theory X 23. Management by Objectives (MBO) is an approach most associated with: a. W. Edwards Deming b. Abraham Maslow Peter Drucker d. Walt Disney c. 24. Span of Control refers to a. How many business locations an organization has b. How many administrators are in an organization c. The number of skills a supervisor has d. The number of people a supervisor has reporting tohim/her Which is an example of referent power: A leader has personal characteristics that appeal to the followers b. The leader maintains control over sanctions and punishments c. A leader can withhold or provide performance rewards d. The leader has expertise that if of value on tasks 25. 3