3. Recognizing Argument Forms and Substitution Instances Multiple arguments can be substitution instances of the same argument form. If an argument is a substitution instance of a deductively valid argument form, then any other substitution instance of that same form will also be deductively valid. It is possible for an argument to be a substitution instance of more than one form. Any argument that is a substitution instance of an invalid argument form will be deductively invalid, as long as the argument is not also an instance of a valid form. The following exercise will give you practice in recognizing argument forms and their substitution instances. Consider the following pairs of arguments. For each pair, determine whether the two arguments are substitution instances of the same argument form. Then indicate your answer using the dropdown menu beneath each pair of arguments. (Note: Not all of the argument following forms are valid argument forms.) Argument A P1: Either good intentions are the root of all evil, or the road to hell is paved with good intentions. P2: Good intentions are not the root of all evil. C: The road to hell is paved with good intentions. Argument B P1: Either Santa Claus is an Easter symbol, or the Easter Bunny is an Easter symbol. P2: Santa Claus is not an Easter symbol. C: The Easter Bunny is an Easter symbol. Argument A and Argument B substitution instances of the same argument form. are are not Argument C P1: If Barack Obama is the 44th president of the United States, then a Republican is not the 44th president of the United States. P2: Barack Obama is the 44th president of the United States. C: A Republican is not the 44th president of the United States. Argument D P1: If Romeo and Juliet are fictional, then Romeo and Juliet did not commit suicide. P2: Romeo and Juliet did commit suicide. C: Romeo and Juliet are not fictional. Argument C and Argument D substitution instances of the same argument form. are not are Jument E P1: If Barack Obama is a Democrat, then Barack Obama is not a Republican. P2: Barack Obama is a Democrat. C: Barack Obama is not a Republican. Argument F P1: If snow flurries are expected in the northeast, then airplanes will not be able to take off. P2: Snow flurries are expected in the northeast. C: Airplanes will not be able to take off. Argument E and Argument F substitution instances of the same argument form. are are not Argument P1: All horses are mammals. P2: Some quarter horses are horses. C: Some quarter horses are mammals. Argument H P1: All Olympians are world-class athletes. P2: Some water-polo players are Olympians. C: Some water-polo pluor world-class athletes. are are not Argument G and Argument H substitution instances of the same argument form