4. (12 pts) Each part is independent.

(a) (7 pts) Unlike traditional operations management, lean organizations devote considerable attention, resources, and effort to the design of their products. Explain why product design is so important in setting a lean organization and production system. What characteristics would constitute a well-designed product, and how would well-designed products help to create and operate a lean production process.

(b) (5 pts) It has been argued that 5 S is the most important lean production tool, and that it is the first tool one should use when implementing lean production. Explain why this statement might be true. Specifically, explain the general purpose(s) and approach underlying 5 S, why it makes sense to begin lean implementation with 5S, and how 5S "fits" as a lean production tool. Also explain precisely how it creates synergies with other lean production tools and enhances them - be specific and explain clearly. (DO NOT give a detailed step-by-step description of what the 5 S's mean.)