4. Cellular respiration involves many different subcellular structures that carry out specialized processes that work together to oxidize glucose, forming carbon dioxide and water and releasing energy.

a. Explain how the chemical breakdown of glucose results in the production of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, as shown in the diagram below. (3 points)

b. Explain how the difference in hydrogen ion concentrations on either side of the mitochondrial membrane facilitates the production of ATP. (3 points)

Protons are pumped across this membrane as electrons flow through the respiratory chain. +++ High [H*] Low [H*] ++ H Outer mitochondrial membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane Intermembrane space Matrix