$\mathrm{.}5$ The assignment TYPE ALL ASSIGNMENTS Only typed written assignments will be accepted. Project $1$ and Project $2$ Production of a Journal Article Step $1$ Look at all the chapters of your textbook and have a feel for the subject matter. Step $2$ Evaluate the problems in your organization and choose a problem that you think will add value to you and your organization. Brainstorm $5$ problems and then choose $1.$ Write down as part of the assignment the $5$ problems and then tell me how you made the choice. Step $3$ Read at least $20$ to $30$ current sources $($journal articles$)$ on the area of interest, that is the problem you identified. Make annotated notes on key words, ideas, headings and subheadings. Formulate a PROVISIONAL TOPIC. Formulate the following and use as a format: Name of student and student number. TSYSISS$/101/0/2024$ Title $-$ example: The impact of total quality management on team effectiveness at ABC in SA$.$ Abstract The abstract should describe in one page what the dissertation is about and its central findings. This must include the research problem, research methods and procedure, research findings, conclusions, implications and recommendations. You need to highlight the key issues and findings. Aim of the study The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between TQM and team effectiveness and its impact on the quality of work and productivity. Objectives to investigate how TQM has influenced teamwork at ABC. $(3$ objectives$)$ minimum Research questions what effects does TQM have on teamwork at ABC. $(3$ research questions$)$ minimum Problem Statement The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of TQM on team effectiveness in order to ascertain inefficiencies and shortcomings so that recommendations may be made to management to ensure service delivery is sustained. Introduction This section provides an introduction as to the current status in the organization. Background This section provides a background to the problem you are experiencing. Literature Review The literature review is a critical analysis, evaluation of existing knowledge relevant to your own research problem. You are required to extract different kinds of information from what you read and also show the relationship between different studies and how these relate to your own research. You are required to take the following points into consideration: Consider the key aspects of your topic, aim and objectives when searching for literature. Consult historical and recent books that are relevant to your problem, as well as any other published materials, for example, in newspapers, journals and the Internet. It must become evident from the section that you have read widely and have been able to form a theoretical basis $($or foundation, or framework$)$ for the research. Make sure that the literature that you do consult and write about in your research is relevant to your research problem. The literature review must have an introduction and conclusion. You are required to use headings and sub$-$headings in the literature review. This must be well thought out before you proceed on writing the literature review. You are therefore required to take notes on the important headings that you are going to include in the literature review.Extract the relevant information from the material that you have collected. The literature review must not only be a descriptive account of theory but should also be critically analysed. You need to show relevance of the theory for your study at strategic points. You need to also apply theory and figures to your organization. Avoid being a plagiarist. Do not copy material from other authors$/$sources without acknowledging where you have got the information, and this applies especially when you make a statement of fact. This would require you to provide in$-$text references example $($John$,2018)$ You need to write in a professional and academic style. Research methodology NB$.$ Use the Research Onion to guide you to do the research methodology. Selecting the research methodology involves decisions about the research paradigm, research approach and research method. In this chapter the student will decide on the type of data needed and selecting the data collection and data analysis strategies. This chapter must be written in the past tense. It must include an introduction and a conclusion. You need to consult text on research methods for further information. The Research Design Research design is the structure that holds your research together and enables you to address the research questions in ways that are appropriate, efficient and effective. Research designs may also be classified in terms of their purpose. Below are some of the common forms of research design. You will discuss the research design that you have chosen and then state the reasons for choosing a particular research design. The various designs are highlighted below: Causal$-$comparative research Correlational research Explanatory research Descriptive research Exploratory research The research design also comprises: The Research Philosophy This will involve a discussion on the Research paradigms which incorporate the fundamental philosophical concepts and values about the nature of reality and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Essentially there are two schools of thought about science and knowledge $-$ positivism and phenomenology. You will discuss the Positivist $($quantitative$)$ and Phenomenological $($qualitative$)$ research or combined research approach and you will motivate reasons for choosing a specific type. Research Strategies Below is a list of some of the important research strategies available to business students. You will discuss each strategy and then will state the reasons for choosing a particular strategy. Positivist Research Strategy Surveys Phenomenological research strategies Case Study Action research Grounded theory Ethnography Combined Research strategies Often researchers may develop research designs that combine research strategies from those two paradigms in a single research design. You are advised to select only one. Target Population The process of selecting a fractional part of the whole relevant group or population is called sampling. The basic idea is that by selecting some of the elements in a population and focusing research attention on this finite group, we may apply the findings of the study to the whole population of interest. A population element is the single unit of the sample on which measurement and observations are taken. For example, each consumer questioned about his$/$her preference in a consumer study is a population element. A population is the full set of elements or cases from which a sample is taken. For example, a population can be viewed as all students studying at Unisa and the sample can be viewed as Quality Assurance IV students. Sampling There are two broad types of sampling probability and non$-$probability. With probability sampling, the likelihood of any one member $($or element$)$ of the population being selected, is known. If there are a thousand rural schools and two hundred rural secondary schools, the odds of selecting one secondary school as part of the sample is $200$:$1000$ or $0\mathrm{.}20.$ In non$-$probability sample, the exact number of elements in the population is unknown with the result that the likelihood of selecting any one member of the population, is not known. Kinds of sampling The two broad categories of sampling designs are probability sampling and non$-$probability sampling. You will discuss the different types of sampling and then state the reasons for choosing a particular type. You will discuss the following types of sampling: Probability Sampling Examples of probability sampling include the following:Simple random Systematic Each population element has an equal chance of being selected into the sample. Sample drawn using random number table$/$ generator Selects an element of the population at a beginning with a random start and following the sampling fraction selects every kth element. Stratified Divide population into sub$-$populations or strata and use simple random sample on each strata. Cluster Population is divided into internally heterogenous subgroups Non Probability Examples of non$-$probability sampling include the following: Haphazard$/$convenience The researcher selects a sample that is convenient. Quota: A sample in a predetermined group is selected. Purposive$/$ judgemental The researcher will select anyone in a hard$-$to$-$find target population Snowball: The researcher will select a sample that connected to one another. Maximum variation The researcher identifies the categories of interest in relation to the research topic and then intentionally seeks out subjects or settings which represent the greatest possible range of differences in the phenomena being studied The Research Instrument The research instrument should have been developed at the research proposal phase. However, should there be any changes to the objectives and the literature review; you need to ensure that the research instrument is adjusted accordingly. There are many different measuring instruments that can be utilized by the student to quantify the variables in the research. Discussion should include why particular instruments were used over others and what is their appropriateness to the study. The most commonly chosen research instruments are questionnaires and interviews. Should you select the questionnaire as the research instrument, then the following information is required. Questionnaire Construction Here you will discuss the number, question categories and the types of questions that will be asked, he$/$she should think about the actual structure and layout of the questionnaire on the component sections and the sequence of the questions. The test items must be aligned to the objectives and have their foundation in the literature study. This will facilitate justification to primary findings. Interviews You need to explain why you have selected the interview method and the type of questions used. According to Valenzuela and Shrivastava $(2009$:$5),$ the following are the different types of interviews: Unstructured interviews: There are no pre$-$determined questions and is open and adaptable. Structured interview: There are a set of pre$-$determined questions. This provides more focus and still allows a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting the information. Standardised open$-$ended interviews: The same open$-$ended questions are asked to all interviewees. Closed fixed$-$response interviews: All interviewees are asked the same questions and asked to choose questions from the same set of alternatives. Pilot Study Before administering the questionnaire to participants in the study, the researcher must test it on a small sample. The analysis of the pilot survey will reveal flaws in some questions suggest possible improvements and supply a range of possible answers to open$-$ended questions. Additionally, the pilot survey enables the student to: Make amendments necessary to maximize returns and minimize the error rate on answers. Categorize the open$-$ended questions to a reasonable degree. Perform the analysis on the pilot sample and test out all the computational procedures and produce some initial hypotheses. Evaluate the adequacy of the data for the research questions. All findings and amendments made to the original instrument must be explained. Administration of Questionnaires In this section the student will describe the method that was used to administer the questionnaires. The questionnaires can be administered by: Postage Telephone Face to face Email Each of these methods have advantages and disadvantages. You need to focus and develop the