6. A fallacy is:

• A. an error in reasoning
• B. a deliberate attempt to mislead others
• C. an inadvertent act of ignorance
• D. all of the above

8. A social psychologist observes that more acts of vandalism are committed by same-sex gangs than by mixed-sex gangs. He theorizes that competition for recognition among gang members of the same sex increases the tendency for such groups to commit socially deviant behavior at a comparatively higher rate than that of their mixed-sex counterparts. What type of reasoning is this researcher using?

• A. reductive
• B. abductive
• C. deductive
• D. inductive

9. All marsupials are warm-blooded. A kangaroo is a marsupial. Therefore, a kangaroo is warm-blooded.

• A. invalid and sound
• B. invalid and not sound
• C. valid and sound
• D. valid and not sound

10. During the past six months, inflation has reduced the value of the American dollar. So, consumer spending will, in all likelihood, decrease in the years ahead.

• A. strong and cogent
• B. weak and cogent
• C. weak and not cogent
• D. strong and not cogent