8. These days it is nearly impossible to stroll down a city block or drive on a suburban street without seeing a McDonald's, Subway, Jiffy Lube, or Holiday Inn. These stores are examples of contractual associations, also known as _____.

		a. corporate chains
		b. factory outlet stores
		c. franchises
		d. wholesale clubs

9. Morton Salt has expanded its line to include regular iodized salt plus Morton Coarse Kosher Salt, Morton Lite Salt, and Morton Popcorn Salt. Thus, Morton Salt has introduced several _____.

		a. licensing
		b. brand extensions
		c. multibranding
		d. line extensions

10. Effective positioning begins with _____ company's marketing offer so that it gives consumers unique image.

		a. promoting
		b. differentiating
		c. aligning
		d. pricing

11. A company's marketing strategy entails three sequential steps: market segmentation, ________ and _____. The final step involves various differentiations of firms marketing offer.

		a. price; promotion
		b. implementation; control
		c. product; place
		d. target marketing; market positioning

12. The systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data relevant to a specific marketing situation facing an organization is called _____.

		a. causal research
		b. marketing intelligence
		c. exploratory research
		d. marketing research