A 1.8-liter, three-cylinder SI engine produces brake power at 42 kW at 4500 rpm, with a compression ratio r = 10.1 and bore and stroke related by s = 0.85 b. Connecting-rod length is 16.4 cm. Maximum temperature in the cycle is 2700 K, and maximum pressure is 8200 kPa. Exhaust pressure is 98 kPa. The exhaust valve effectively opens at 56 degrees bBTC.

Calculate:

(a) Time of exhaust blowdown in milli-seconds.

(b) Percent of exhaust gas that exits cylinder during blowdown.

(c) Exit velocity at the start at the start of blowdown, assuming choked flow occurs at the exhaust valves.