a. a causal connection between the wrongdoer's negligent behavior and the resulting harm to the injured party b. the wrongdoer owed the injured party a duty of care c. the wrongdoer's actions were motivated by malice d. the wrongdoer breached a duty of care to the injured party e. the injured party suffered actual harm or damage as a result of the wrongdoer's conduct 25. During the 20 th century, when consumers were injured as a result of using defective products, courts adopted a new legal standard that could apply to such cases, so that negligence was no longer the only standard: a. a strict liability standard b. a comparative negligence standard c. a caveat emptor standard d. an assumption of risk standard e. a business exemption standard 26. Elin, an agent for First Credit Corporation (FC), enters into an unauthorized contract with Great Expectations, Inc. (GE), purportedly on FC's behalf. This contract will be enforceable if it is ratified by a. any third party. b. Elin. c. FC. d. GE. 27. Eve hires Frank to do some remodeling work in her office. The relationship between Eve and Frank is client and independent contractor. While working, Frank drops a tool on Gary, Eve's customer, causing an injury. Eve is a. liable to Gary because he was injured on Eve's property. b. liable to Gary unless Frank's act is intentional. c. not liable because Frank is an independent contractor. d. not liable to Gary because Frank is Eve's employee. 28. When a principal creates an impression of authority in an agent that leads a third party to conclude reasonably that the agent has authority to act for the principal, the agent is said to have: a. implied authority b. express authority c. actual authority d. apparent authority