A company is considering investing in a project whose present value without flexibility is 100 million. The project pays no dividends, and the initial investment required is 102 million. The appropriate cost of capital for the project is 20%. The risk-free rate is 5%. Every period the project cash flows either go up by a factor "u", or reduces by a factor "d". Use u = 2.2255 and d = 0.4493.

a) Calculate the NPV of the project without the flexibility.

b) Suppose the total investment of 102 million (present value) may be disaggregated into 3 installments, as follows: 52 million in year 0, 21 million in year 1, and 33.075 million in year 2. In any year management has the option to “default” on its planned investment, at which point the project is terminated. What is the NPV for the project with this default option?

c) What is the value of this default option?