A company replaced a small merit-pay program with a lavish end-of-year party, where they raffled off many valuable prizes. The owner thought the workers would appreciate the party and prizes, and that it would encourage them to perform well the following year. The owner was surprised when performance went down in the first quarter after the party. The decrease in performance is best explained by the fact that:

a.

the owner confused rewards with reinforcers

b.

the raffle led to differential opportunity

c.

the party did not fulfill the need for achievement

d.

employees resented the negative reinforcement of removing merit pay

e.

the party created more controlled motivation than the merit pay