a

$)$

$$declaring input file stream variables

$1$

$$via the ifstream class,

b

$)$

$$declaring output file stream objects via the of stream class,

c

$)$

$$using the open method

$($

and dot notation

$)$

$$to open input and output files

d

$)$

$$file input via the file input stream object and associated stream extraction operator

$>$

$>$

$,$

e

$)$

$$file output via the file output stream object and associated stream insertion operator

$<$

$<$

$,$

f

$)$

$$closing file streams via the close method, and

g

$)$

$$creating plain text data files.