$($a$)$ Explain briefly the difference between the total stress shear strength parameter and effective

stress shear strength parameter and illustrate their application ranges.

$($b$)$ A specimen of saturated sand was consolidated under an all$-$around pressure of $80k\frac{N}{m^2}.$ The

axial stress was then increased, and drainage was prevented. The specimen failed when the

axial deviator stress reached $80k\frac{N}{m^2}.$ The pore water pressure at failure was $40k\frac{N}{m^2}.$

Determine

Consolidated$-$undrained angle of shearing resistance, $$

Drained friction angle, ${}^{\text{'}}$