a$.$ has a central philosophy that resource spending that does not add value must be eliminated

b$.$ defines value as any action or process for which the customer is willing to pay

c$.$ Edwards Demingis derived from the Toyota Production Systern

d$.$ All of the options are correct

Quescion $26$

By some estimates, $80\%$ to $85\%$ of a product's total life costs are commitied by decisions made during the stage.

Select one:

a$.$ manufacturing

b$.$ post$-$sale service and disposal

c$.$ research, development, and engineering

d$.$ operating

Question $27$

Total$-$life$-$cycle costing is the name given to:

Select one:

a$.$ the process of examining each component of a product to determine whecher its cost can be reduced.

b$.$ the process of managing all costs along the value chain.

$c$ a method of cost planning to reduce manufacturing costs to targeted levels.

d$.$ a system that focuses on reducing costs during the manufacturing stage.

Question $28$

An understanding of total$-$life$-$cycle costs can lead to:

Select one:

a$.$ mutually beneficial relationships between buyers and sellers

b$.$ less need for the evaluation of opportunity cosis

c$.$ cost effective product designs that are easier to service

d$.$ additional costs during the manufacturing stage

Quession $29$

The substage of the research development and engineering stage in which the technical aspects of products and services are developed is the:

Select one:

a$.$ market research stage

b$.$ producr development stage

c$.$ product design stage

d$.$ service phase