a) Indicate the independent and dependent variables for each study (if applicable).

b) What type of research design was used (if applicable)?

c) Which t-test was used to analyze the data?

d) How would the results look like in APA style?

3) A social psychologist was interested in the effect of the presence of others on study behaviors. A random sample of 20 participants was obtained. At baseline, participants' study behaviors were measured by observing how long they would study in a room when being left alone with two items: 1) were asked to wait in a room with 4 confederates (other people who are supposedly participants in the study as well) who appeared to be studying, and were again given:1) a textbook and 2) his or her cell phone. The research let recorded how long the participant studied under the condition. Below are the results.

A Q Search Std. Std. Error Mean N Deviation Mean Pair 1 alone 9.7250 20 2.75048 .61503 with_others 10.0500 20 2.81864 .63027 Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference 'Std. Std. Error Sig. (2- Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df tailed) Pair 1 alone - with_others -.32500 86260 19288 -.72871 07871 -1.685 19 108