A large, white kidney could be caused by a number of things.2.What physiological significance does a huge cell have? What is the 24-hour albumin excretion threshold above which diabetic patients are considered to have microalbuminuria? Question 42: In cases of prerenal failure, how is forced diuresis induced? Question 1:Why do conditions that result in sodium retention, like cardiac failure, cause low serum sodium levels?2.What does "free water" imply? Question 2: Why is the pattern of oedema in cardiac oedema and nephrotic syndrome different?What connection does it have to the various interstitial spaces?I am perplexed. Question 3: How does the loose interstitial tissue in the periorbital area contribute to the difference in clinical presentation between oedema caused by cardiac failure and renal failure?The response was that it was because orthopnoea occurs in cardiac failure, and the legs are the most dependent part in this case, which is why the oedema occurs there.You also mentioned that renal failure does not involve orthopnoea and does not require the patient to sit up, explaining the distinction.Right ventricular heart failure (RVF), in which orthopnoea is not a possibility, does not appear to be taken into account in this.Right ventricular failure is characterized by pedal oedema.Is it not true that renal failure does not have a pump failure and the heart does not lose its ability to pump blood against gravity, whereas congestive heart failure (CHF) does have pump failure and the heart cannot pump blood against gravity, resulting in oedema in the dependent areas?The periorbital area of the face is an example of a tissue with a loose interstitium where the oedema develops in this instance.The difference in clinical presentation is due to this. Question 4: For a middle-aged female with recurrent attacks of generalized swelling and angioedema, what treatment is recommended?12 Water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance 114Water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance 12 115 Question 5 Is hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis a cause of both hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia?Please elaborate on how this can occur. Question 6: In an emergency, how do 2-agonists like albuterol treat hyperkalemia?How does it result in a potassium shift?Question 7: In patients with acidosis, why is sodium lactate administered alongside sodium bicarbonate?Then, how does sodium lactate work