Question: A professor wanted to see if a study session before an exam will help improve performance on the test. Students are allowed to choose if

A professor wanted to see if a study session before an exam will help improve performance on the test. Students are allowed to choose if they want to come to the optional session. The professor will then compare the grades of students who went to the session to students who didn't. At the end of the study, it was determined that 14 students who attended the session got an A on the exam, and 5 people who didn't attend the session got an A on the exam. Explain why the given numbers don't tell you anything about the effectiveness of the review session. (Talk specifically about the numbers; don't discuss the confounding issue from the previous question.)

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