a robust theoretical framework for decision$-$making revolves around risk management. This framework begins with the identification of potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and consequences inherent in infrastructure projects, spanning natural disasters, design flaws, and human error. Subsequent risk analysis, whether qualitative or quantitative, evaluates the likelihood and impact of these risks using methods like probabilistic modeling or expert judgment. Following this, risk assessment compares identified risks against safety standards, regulations, and stakeholder preferences, guiding the implementation of appropriate risk management strategies such as mitigation or acceptance. Such a comprehensive approach ensures optimized project outcomes, enhanced safety, and stakeholder value maximization.