A study by Resenhoeft, Villa, and Wiseman (2008) reported evidence that people with visible tattoos are viewed less positively than people without visible tattoos. Assume a researcher at SDSU designs a follow up study to investigate whether people with tattoos are considered less attractive than people without tattoos. The researcher first obtains a photograph of a college aged woman which had received an average attractiveness rating of = 5.4 on a 7-point scale (higher scores indicate greater attractiveness), with a standard deviation of = 1.10. The researcher then alters the photograph by adding a tattoo of a butterfly on the woman's right shoulder. A sample of 36 students is then asked to rate the attractiveness of the woman in the altered photograph, using the same 7-point scale. The average rating of attractiveness of the woman with the tattoo was M = 5.1. Use = .05 for this significance test.

1. What would a Type II error mean in the context of this study?

2. What would a Type II error mean in the context of this study?

3. What is the critical value for the test statistic, assuming = .05?