a$.$ What was the average dividend yield for the$$ S&P $500$ from $2005-2021?$

b$.$ What was the volatility of the dividend$$ yield?

c$.$ What was the average annual return of the$$ S&P $500$ from $2005-2021$ excluding dividends$($i$.$e$.,$ from capital gains$$ only$)?$

d$.$ What was the volatility of the$$ S&P $500$ returns from capital$$ gains?

e$.$ Were dividends or capital gains a more important component of the$$ S&P $500\text{'}$s average returns during this$$ period? Which were the more important source of$$ volatility?