a)Case study 1: Refer to book page no. 35. Case Title A Traditional Business. Answer Question 1 and Question 2 only. b)Case study 2:Refer to book page no.398. Case Title Driving for Old Dominion. Answer all questions

Meaning, 1st page all question, 2nd page only question 1&2. Please answer.

Images of both pages are attached below

Driving for Old Dominion O o carry seven months ON THE EDGE hundred States, sometimes driving over five hundrediob well . mile Id Dominion Freight Line is a trucking com- would be on probation for ninety days and she would pany that hires two kinds of drivers. "Line lose the job if she had any performance problems. No Haul" drivers drive long distances and spend male drivers had ever been required to go through nights and weekends on the road. "Pickup and De- a probation period. Merritt worked as a Pickup and livery" drivers only drive locally and stay home, but Delivery driver for ninety days, and had no probleme they have to and stack heavy loads so their job carrying freight or doing anything else required of the is more physically demanding. Out of 3,100 Pickup position. But she injured her an and Delivery drivers in the company, only five were kle while moving boxes. Her doctor said she comit an. women. Deborah Merritt t worked for six years as a do Pickup and Delivery until it healed. Three months Line Haul driver, making long trips across the United later, Merritt's ankle was well and her doctor told her day. Still, she never complained and did her job well. a Pickup and Delivery driver....Her ankle was as "nothing...prevented her from performing her duties But Merritt wanted a Pickup and Delivery job so she well Hot hotter then well, if not better....than before her injury." So Mer- would not have to spend time away from home. To ritt asked to have her Pickup and Delivery job back. show she could do the job, she filled in for Pickup and But Brian Stoddard, Vice President of Safety and Per. Delivery drivers when needed. Her supervisor said sonnel said that she first had to take a "physical abil- Merritt did a good job on Pickup and Delivery and sev- ity test" that would evaluate her strength, agility, and eral clients complimented her work. When a full-time cardiovascular endurance and have her perform the Pickup and Delivery job finally was available, Merritt tasks of a Pickup and Delivery driver. Merritt did not told Bobby Howard, her Lynchburg, Virginia termi- pass the test; but the test had been used only rarely nal manager, that she wanted the job. Howard said and only when hiring new fill the position. But were injured while on the job, Stoddard admitted, he later, he in fact hired someone else to take the job: a was "not necessarily going to send them for a (physi- male driver with less truck drivine Merritt cal fitness test." Moreover, Merritt said, she could did not complain however. A year later, a Pickup and obviously do the job since she did it for seven months Delivery job became available again. Again, Howard and filled in for other drivers even longer. Neverthe- hired a less-experienced male driver. When Merritt less, Stoddard fired her because of her "inability to asked why he passed her over twice, Howard said perform (the) job" as indicated by the test and later it "had been discussed and it was decided that the they replaced her with a male driver, could not let a woman have that position." He pointed out that "the company did not really have women... [Pickup and Delivery drivers." An Old Dominion it simply: "We don't have no females." 1. Was the fact that Deborah Merritt did not Howard also told her that Old Dominion's Regional pass the physical ability test sufficient Vice President "was afraid (a female) would get hurt" justification for firing her? Did Old Do- and "didn't think a girl should have that position. minion Freight Line discriminate unjustly An operations manager agreed, saying "this is not a against Merritt? If you think firing her was woman's place." unjust discrimination, then was it indi. Another year passed and a Pickup and Delivery vidual or institutionalized discrimination? job again became available. This time the company Explain your answers. gave the position to Merritt, but told her that she If male employees he did not have the authority to driver put it Source: Deborah Merritt v. Old Dominion Freight Line, Inc, U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, no. 09-1498. April 9, 2010 398 A Traditional Business . uses & n over 28 countries, mostly North African na- tions, female circumcision-or "female genital mutilation" as its critics call it-is generally ac- cepted. ted. Female circumcision is normally performed when a girl is be a girl is between 7 and 12 years old. It involves cutting away most of the girl's external genitalia cluding the clitoris and labia. In most countries, the procedure is done by a female "practitioner" who uses a small knife or razor blade but no anesthe- sia. A young girl will often resist so several women must hold her down while the practitioner works. The women who perform circumcisions charge for their services and see their work as a business. It is estimated that in countries where the practice is widely accepted, the annual fees collected by all the businesses that provide circumcision services total tens of millions of dollars. Mothers in these countries feel they must have their daughters circumcised because otherwise no "good" man will will marry them. Many believe that cir- cumcision controls a woman's sexual desires, and cleanses her spiritually so that others can eat what she cooks. Although the practice is not mentioned in the Koran, many North African Muslims believe that female circumcision is required by certain say- ings they attribute to Mohammad, the founder of Islam. However, Muslim scholars dispute both the authenticity and the interpretation of these sayings. Many Americans and Europeans feel strongly that female genital mutilation is an immoral on a helpless and unwilling girl, an assault that pro- vides her no medical benefit, risks serious infection, and permanently deprives her of the ability to feel sexual pleasure. They have pressured foreign govern- ments to outlaw the practice and to crack down on the women who make a business of it because they are they are violating the human rights of thousands of girls. Practitioners claim that Westerners who want to prohibit female circumcision are trying to impose their own morality on others. A Somali practitioner said: "This is a great offence and a great interfer- ence with our lives and our lifestyle. For too long Europeans have come into our countries and told us how to live our lives and how to behave and we be- lieve that is totally unacceptable. We will not allow foreigners to tell us how to behave or put our busi- nesses at risk any longer. In order for our daugh- ters to be free they must have this procedure. It is their right as women and our obligation as adults to make them into the best young women we can. Circumcision is a fundamental part of becoming a young woman and we will not deny them that be- cause of some misplaced sense of morality from foreigners." Phillip Waites, a doctor and medical analyst news service noted, "The core issue here is whether or not Europeans have the right to step into another country and demand that they change their traditions and culture." Remarking on the many practitioners for whom female circumcision is a business, he said: "There aren't a whole lot of jobs in Somalia. There really isn't a whole lot of anything in Somalia frankly, and these women have a spe- cialty that not only garners them a good living but also gives them a certain status in the country that they might not otherwise have." ON THE EDGE for assault 1. Is the business of providing female cir- cumcision services morally wrong? Why? If a practitioner asks for a small busi- ness loan from a Western "micro-finance Tender" like www.Kiva.org would it be wrong for the lender to refuse? Would it be wrong for the lender to agree? Explain. 2. Is it wrong for Westerners to pressure North African governments to prevent practitio- ners from doing female circumcisions? 3. Does this case support ethical relativism or does it suggest that there are certain things that are wrong no matter what, or neither of these positions? Sources: William Ashford, "Genital Mutilators Protest Scandinavian Efforts to Crack Down on Trade," September 27, 2009 accessed August 9, 2010 at http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Business/pages-3/Genital-mutilators-protest-Scan danavian-efforts-to-crack-down-on-trade-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html: Amit Paley, "For Kurdish Girls, A Painful Ancient Ritual," The Washington Post, December 29, 2008 35