According to Roberts $(2019),$ all projects have some common elements namely:

An objective: A definable end result, output or product, which is defined in terms of cost$,$ quality

and timing

Complexity: Several tasks are required to be undertaken to achieve the objectives. The

relationship between all these tasks can be extremely complex

Uniqueness: A project is usually a one$-$off undertaking

Uncertainty: As all projects are planned before they are executed, they carry a certain amount of

risk

Life cycle: Projects normally go through three stages $$ planning, execution and stage$-$out$$ and

Temporary nature: Resources may be moved from one project to the next once the tasks have

been completed