Affirmative action programs $$ than Title VII by attempting to $$ past discrimination.

Affirmative action programs:

a$.$ are controversial, because they are seen as reverse discrimination.

b$.$ have always been optional for all employers.

c$.$ have been widely adopted by private and government employers.

One of the possible legal challenges to affirmative action programs is that they violate the $$ clause of the $$ Amendment. Because this amendment is at play, any affirmative action program that uses race or ethniclty as a basis for decision making is reviewed by the courts using $$ scrutiny.

Because discrimination law is primarily federal, states are not allowed to pass laws that ban affirmative action or protect classes other than those in the federal laws.

$$ a$.$ True

b$.$ False